Interacting Galaxies - Galaxy Mergers and Collisions

Galaxies are the largest single objects in the universe. Each one contains upwards of trillions of stars in a single gravitationally bound system. While the universe is extremely large, and many galaxies are very far apart, it is actually quite common for galaxies to group together in clusters. Its also common for them to collide with each other. The result is the creation of new galaxies. Astronomers can trace the construction of galaxies as they collided throughout history, and now know that this is the main way galaxies are built.  Ã‚   Theres a whole area of astronomy devoted to the study of colliding galaxies. The process not only affects the galaxies themselves, but astronomers also observe that starbirth is often triggered when galaxies merge together.   Galaxy Interactions Large galaxies, like the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy, came together as smaller objects collided and merged. Today, astronomers see smaller satellites orbiting nearby both the Milky Way and Andromeda. These dwarf galaxies have some of the characteristics of larger galaxies, but are on a much smaller scale and can be irregularly shaped.  Some of the companions are being cannibalized by our galaxy.   The Milky Ways largest satellites are called the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. They seem to be orbiting our galaxy in a billions-of-years-long orbit, and may not actually ever merge with the Milky Way. However, they are affected by its gravitational pull, and may only be approaching the galaxy for the first time. If so, there still could be a merger in the distant future. The shapes of Magellanic clouds have been distorted by that, causing them to appear irregular. Theres also evidence of large streams of gas being pulled from them into our own galaxy.   Galaxy Mergers Large-galaxy collisions do occur, which create huge new galaxies in the process. Often what happens is that two large spiral galaxies will merge, and due to the gravitational warping that precedes the collision, the galaxies will lose their spiral structure. Once the galaxies are merged, astronomers suspect that they form a new structure known as an elliptical galaxy. Occasionally, depending on the relative sizes of the merging galaxies, an irregular or peculiar galaxy  is a result of the merger. Interestingly, while galaxies themselves may merge, the process doesnt always hurt the stars they contain. This is because while galaxies do have stars and planets, theres a LOT of empty space, as well as giant clouds of gas and dust. However, colliding galaxies that do contain a large amount of gas enter a period of rapid star formation. Its usually much greater than the average rate of star formation in a non-colliding galaxy. Such a merged system is known as a starburst galaxy; aptly named for a large number of stars that are created in a short amount of time as a result of the collision. Merger of the Milky Way With the Andromeda Galaxy A close to home example of a large galaxy merger is the one that will occur between the Andromeda galaxy with our very own Milky Way. The result, which will take millions of years to unfold, will be a new galaxy.   Currently, Andromeda is about 2.5 million light-years away from the Milky Way. Thats about 25 times as far away as the Milky Way is wide. This is, obviously quite a distance, but is quite small considering the scale of the universe.  Hubble Space Telescope data suggests that the Andromeda galaxy is on a collision course with the Milky Way, and the two will begin to merge in about 4 billion years. Heres how it will play out. In about 3.75 billion years, the Andromeda galaxy will virtually fill the night sky. At the same time, it and the Milky Way will start warping due to the immense gravitational pull each will have on the other. Ultimately the two will combine to form a single, large elliptical galaxy. It is also possible that another galaxy, called the Triangulum galaxy, which currently orbits Andromeda, will also participate in the merger.  The resulting galaxy might be named Milkdromeda, if anybody is still around to be naming objects in the sky.   What Will Happen to Earth? Chances are that the merger will have little effect on our solar system. Since most of Andromeda is empty space, gas, and dust, much like the Milky Way, many of the stars should find new orbits around the combined galactic center. That center may have as many as three supermassive black holes until they, too, merge.   The greater danger to our solar system is the increasing brightness of our Sun, which will eventually exhaust its hydrogen fuel and evolve into a red giant. That will start to happen in about four billion years. At that point, it will engulf Earth as it expands. Life, it seems, will have died out long before any kind of galaxy merger takes place. Or, if were lucky, our descendants will have figured out a way to escape the solar system and find a world with a younger star.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Comparing Herodotus s The Sea And Essay - 2122 Words

Herodotus is accused by Edward Said to be progenitor of Orientalism. Regardless of this indictment, Said fails to observe the fundamental nature of Herodotus s division of the world. Accordingly, he describes the world in the binary of East and West. I contend that this ideal is unfounded in Herodotus s text, and instead, the known world of Herodotus was quartered. Hence, by edification of â€Å"Greekness† and it following anomalies Furthermore, these delusions are refuted by the agreement texts of Redfield’s Herodotus the tourist† and Munson’s Herodotus and ethnicity. I Before on embarking on Said misconceptions anent Herodotus, he avails himself of Euripides The Bacchae and Aeschylus s The Persians, which he argues in â€Å"The two aspects of the Orient that set it off from the West in this pair of plays† which are the catalysts of Orientalism, and accordingly, neither are Herodotean texts. Nonetheless, I will refute the occasions he to greater degree implicitly examines Herodotus. II In anticipation of the task in reviewing Said’s misconception anent Herodotus, a close elucidation of the quintessential nature of Redfield s and Munsons’s works pertaining to the matter of who in were and who were not Greek, alongside anomalies who percolated this permeable division. Redfield establishes the identity of the Greeks and that of non-Greeks, specifically, by their culture, denoted by three ethnological terms: â€Å"diaita, ethea, and nomoi† (98, Redfield). In their layeringShow MoreRelatedThe Battles Between The Persian Empire And Ancient Greece1360 Words   |  6 PagesThermopylae and Herodotus Wenxin Zheng Exchange student, Nanjing University, China Battle of Thermopylae, which occurred ten years after the Battle of Marathon in the first Bohemia War, is another famous historical clash between the Persian Empire and ancient Greece. In Thermopylae, Spartans resisted for days, blocked the powerful Persian army from conquering Greek. In BC 490, the Persian army crossed the Aegean Sea and landed on the Marathon plain in the first Bohemian war, encroaching the AthensRead MoreThe War From The Realm Of Myth And Poetry1267 Words   |  6 PagesTrojan War would inevitably have taken place, with or without Helen. He goes on to continue that the presumptive kidnapping of Helen can be seen merely an excuse to launch a pre-ordained war for control of land, trade, profit, and access to the Black Sea. All these accounts could be true but Eric Cline believes that the events happened and took place, he believes that the Trojan War is true. â€Å"The male heroes of epic poetry, Helen of Troy has been immortalized, but not for deeds of strength and honor;Read Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesin Sicily, he was made one of the â€Å"Probouloi† (special commissioners), mainly due to his widespread fame. From reliable contemporary accounts one learns that Sophocles was a handsome, wealthy man of great charm. He had friends like Pericles and Herodotus, the great Greek historian. The Victorian critic, Matthew Arnold, praised Sophocles as a man â€Å"who saw life steadily and saw it whole.† The ancient biographer, Phyrnicus, says that Sophocles’ life was happy and that he retained all his faculties to

Is Effective Banking System Gives Healthy Economy In A Country free essay sample

Next came Bank of Hindustan and Bengal Bank. The East India Company established Bank of Bengal (1809), Bank of Bombay (1840) and Bank of Madras (1843) as independent units and called it Presidency Banks. These three banks were amalgamated in 1920 and Imperial Bank of India was established which started as private shareholders banks, mostly Europeans shareholders. During the first phase the growth was very slow and banks also experienced periodic failures between 1913 and 1948. There were approximately 1100 banks, mostly small. To streamline the functioning and activities of commercial banks, the Government of India came up with The Banking Companies Act, 1949 which was later changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 as per amending Act of 1965 (Act No. 23 of 1965). Reserve Bank of India was vested with extensive powers for the supervision of banking in India as the Central Banking Authority. During those day’s public has lesser confidence in the banks. As an aftermath deposit mobilization was slow. Abreast of it the savings bank facility provided by the Postal department was comparatively safer. Moreover, funds were largely given to the traders. PHASE II: Government took major steps in this Indian Banking Sector Reform after independence. In 1955, it nationalized Imperial Bank of India with extensive banking facilities on a large scale especially in rural and semi-urban areas. Second phase of nationalization Indian Banking Sector Reform was carried out in 1980 with seven more banks. This step brought 80% of the banking segment in India under Government ownership. The following are the steps taken by the Government of India to Regulate Banking Institutions in the Country: †¢1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act. †¢1955: Nationalization of State Bank of India. 1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries. †¢1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits. †¢1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks. †¢1971: Creation of credit guarantee corporation. †¢1975: Creation of regional rural banks. †¢1980: Nationalization of seven banks with deposits over 200 crore. After the nationalization of banks, the b ranches of the public sector bank India raised to approximately 800% in deposits and advances took a huge jump by 11,000%. Banking in the sunshine of Government ownership gave the public implicit faith and immense confidence about the sustainability of these institutions. Unit Trust of India (UTI-I) ?Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) ?General Insurance Corporation Ltd. Also with associates viz. National Insurance Company Ltd. , The New India Assurance Company, The Oriental Insurance Corporation and United Insurance Company Ltd. Axis Bank in India today is capitalised with Rs. 232. 86 Crores with 47. 50% public holding other than promoters. It has more than 200 branch offices and Extension Counters in the country with over 1250 Axis Bank ATM proving to be one of the largest ATM networks in the country. Axis Bank India commits to adopt the best industry practices internationally to achieve excellence. Axis Bank has strengths in retail as well as corporate banking. By the end of December 2004, Axis Bank in India had over 2. 7 million debit cards. This is the first bank in India to offer the AT PAR Cheque facility, without any charges, to all its Savings Bank customers in all the places across the country where it has presence. With the AT PAR cheque facility, customers can make cheque payments to any beneficiary at any of its existence place. The ceiling per instrument is Rs. 50,000/-. The latest offerings of the bank along with Dollar variant is the Euro and Pound Sterling variants of the International Travel Currency Card. The Travel Currency Card is a signature based pre-paid travel card which enables traveler’s global access to their money in local currency of the visiting country in a safe and convenient way. The Bank has strengths in both retail and corporate banking and is committed to adopting the best industry practices internationally in order to achieve excellence was established in 1964 by an Act of Parliament; neither did the Government of India own it nor contributes any capital. The RBI was asked to contribute one-half of its initial capital of Rs 5 crore, and given the mandate of running the UTI in the interest of the unit-holders. The State Bank of India and the Life Insurance Corporation contributed 15 per cent of the capital each, and the rest was contributed by scheduled commercial banks which were not nationalized then. This kind of structure for a unit trust is not found anywhere else in the world. Again, unlike other unit trusts and mutual funds, the UTI was not created to earn profits. In the course of nearly four decades of its existence, it (the UTI) has succeeded phenomenally in achieving its objective and has the largest share anywhere in the world of the domestic mutual fund industry. The emergence of a foreign expert during the setting up of the UTI makes an interesting story. The announcement by the then Finance Minister that the Government of India was contemplating the establishment of a unit trust caught the eye of Mr. George Woods, the then President of the World Bank. Mr. Woods took a great deal of interest in the Indian financial system, as he was one of the principal architects of the ICI CI, in which his bank, First Boston Corporation Bank, had a sizeable shareholding. Mr. Woods offered, through Mr. B. K. Nehru, who was Indias Executive Director on the World Bank, the services of an expert. The Centre jumped at the offer, and asked the RBI to hold up the finalization of the unit trust proposals till the expert visited India. The only point Mr. Sullivan made was that the provision to limit the ownership of units to individuals might result in unnecessarily restricting the market for units. While making this point, he had in mind the practice in the US, where small pension funds are an important class of customers for the unit trusts. The Centre accepted the foreign experts suggestion, and the necessary amendments were made in the draft Bill.

True Brand Loyalty Essays - Brand Management, Brand Loyalty, Brand

True Brand Loyalty True Brand Loyalty Introduction A company's main question in relation to selling their products or services use do be: ,,How do I get people to buy my product?" Nowadays companies still greatly appreciate the answer to this question but they have also realized that getting customers is not the only thing they need to do. In today's rapidly moving world consumers don't stick with products for life. Advertisements and an increased feeling of independence have created consumers that will switch brands or products as soon as the feel the need to do so. What company's look for in this consumer environment is creating a so-called brand loyalty. This paper will explore the ways companies go about in creating this brand loyalty and it will investigate the circumstances and effects that come with it. It will start of by thoroughly explaining what brand loyalty exactly is. After that an overview of key success factors stimulating brand loyalty will be given and we will have a look at how these factors are influenced by different conditions. Examples will be provided. The relationships between brand loyalty and brand commitment and satisfaction will be explored. Finally a conclusion will be reached on how important brand loyalty is to companies and for what reasons. What is Brand Loyalty? Before one can give a definition of brand loyalty one first has to make the distinction between repeat purchasing behavior and brand loyalty. ?Repeat purchasing behavior is the actual rebuying of a brand.' So the behavioral aspect of this action. Brand loyalty also includes ?that behavior's antecedents'. This means the reason or fact occurring before the behavior. When talking about brand loyalty we can yet again make a distinction between two types: On the one hand we have spurious brand loyalty and on the other true brand loyalty. The former was defined by Bloemer and Kasper as the ?(1) biased (2) behavioral response (3) expressed over time (4) by some decision-making unit (5) with respect to one or more alternative brands out of a set of such brand, (6) which is a function of inertia.' The key word here is inertia meaning without commitment towards the brand. Their definition the latter, and the most important one in this paper, is exactly the same on the first five points but differs for the sixth adding ?is a function of psychological (decision making, evaluative) processes resulting in brand commitment.' In this definition brand commitment is the key word. In laymen's words true brand loyalty refers to consumers sticking with a brand out of feelings of commitment towards that brand. For instance, when you bought a tube of Prodent toothpaste and you found it ok, you will not have to spend any valuable time on looking for other toothpaste brands, because you are already familiar with it. However, for a more brand-loyalty-sensitive product class like beer, the probability that a consumer will stick to one brand (like Grolsch Beer) is much higher. In the next paragraph we will now look at the relation between brand commitment and brand loyalty. Brand commitment Brand loyalty is based on the amount of brand commitment. The amount of commitment is not fixed, but can be considered as a continuum. The amount of commitment is based on the type of brand satisfaction. In this article, two types of satisfaction are taken into account. For the sake of this paper, a distinction has to be made between manifest and latent brand satisfaction. First, what is brand satisfaction? Bloemer defines it as "the outcome of the subjective evaluation that the chosen alternative (the brand) meets or exceeds the expectations" (pp 314). Bloemer then makes a distinction between manifest and latent satisfaction. The distinction basically rests on the degree of elaboration. This in turn depends on the level of motivation and capacity that a certain consumer needs in order to evaluate the product. Manifest satisfaction is the result of a high degree of elaboration. Latent satisfaction is based on the fact that "the consumer is not fully aware of his/her satisfaction, because of a lack of motivation and/or ability of the consumer to evaluate his/her brand choice" (pp.315). The linkage between satisfaction and brand loyalty Many literatures have been written on the relation between brand loyalty and consumer satisfaction. This relation seems quite obvious. Later on we will deal with an article from Bloemer and De Ruyter (forthcoming) in which they introduce some moderating effects on this relation. But before we do this, we will describe factors that influence consumer satisfaction. In this respect Oliver (1981 1993) provides us with some interesting insights. Oliver describes the process of consumer (dis)satisfaction with help of

Essay on Strategic Planning Analysis National Institute of HealthEssay Writing Service

Essay on Strategic Planning Analysis National Institute of HealthEssay Writing Service Essay on Strategic Planning Analysis: National Institute of Health Essay on Strategic Planning Analysis: National Institute of HealthThe National Institute of Health is the biomedical research facility and the agency of the US government responsible for biomedical research activities. The institute conducts studies in the field of biomedicine to assess current risks and threats to the public health, develop programs of the prevention of those threats and elaborate on effective policies that minimize risks and threats associated with biomedical factors, as well as many other issues related to biomedical studies. At the same time, the National Institute of Health is an important agency that performs an important part in the development of the biomedical science in the US and conducts biomedical studies, which have a considerable impact on the development of science, health care and other important areas of the life of the US. In actuality, the National Institute of Health is the major institution in the field of biomedical studies but its position is still quite challenging because of its high level of dependence on government contracts and funding and the possible threat of stiffening of the competition from the part of private organizations and institutions.Internal and external assessmentThe internal and external assessment of the National Institute of Health involves the detailed internal and external analysis of the organization focusing on its internal strengths and weaknesses and external threats and opportunities (Corbyn, 2011). These factors have a considerable impact on the development of the National Institute of Health and determine its further progress.Internal strengths of the National Institute of Health are diverse and substantial. In this regard, it is worth mentioning three major strengths of the institute, including the solid scientific basis, human resources, and innovative technologies and equipment available to employees working in the institute. The solid scientific basis involves the available findings an d scientific developments in the field of biomedical studies, which are advanced and allow the institute to take the leading position in the US in biomedical studies. Human resources comprise the intellectual core of the institute because the institute unites the most prospective scientists working in the field of biomedical studies, who can work in the institute either as intramural or extramural professionals, i.e. professionals which are either employed directly by the National Institute of Health or which are contracted for specific projects respectively (Costello, 2010). In addition, the equipment available to professionals working in the National Institute of Health is, to a significant extent, unique because a large part of the equipment has been developed for specific needs of the institute and is exclusive that means that there are either a few or no similar equipment in other institutions in the US or even worldwide.Internal weaknesses of the institute are relatively few, but still they may and do interfere in the overall performance of the institute. Internal weaknesses of the National Institute of Health include certain bureaucratization of its organizational structure, the government control and, therefore, dependence on the government funding of the institute, and the risk of the poor communication within the growing institute. The emerging bureaucracy of the National Institute of Health is the result of the growth of the institute and expansion of its operations. The institute opens new units and departments but such growth raises the problem of bureaucratization that decreases the organizational performance of the institute. The government control and high dependence of the institute on the government funding limits its financial opportunities and, in a way, scope of studies conducted by researchers working in the institute, because they have to focus on specific tasks set by the government rather than on tasks and issues of their interest. At the same time, the expansion of the National Institute of Health raises the problem of the deterioration of communication between its outlets, units and professionals working in the institute. Communication gaps can also deteriorate consistently the organizational performance of the institute.External opportunities of the National Institute of Health are substantial and they open the way for the further progress of the institute to take one of the leading positions in the US. In fact, the National Institute of Health can become the leader in the field of biomedical studies and, thus, concentrate the major scientific projects in this field within the institute (Corbyn, 2011). At the moment, the National Institute of Health holds the leading position in the US due to the accumulation of considerable financial, technical and scientific resources within the institute. More important, the institute employs the most prospective scientists that puts it into the leading position in the fiel d of biomedical studies in the US.Another opportunity of the National Institute of Health is the possibility of the development of international cooperation that opens the way for the expansion of the institute operations and collaborations with global and international institutions. As the international cooperation in the field of science and biomedical studies, in particular, keeps progressing, the National Institute of Health has an opportunity to boost its cooperation at the international level and expand the scope of its operations internationally (Karp, et al., 2008). As a result, the institute can get access to international markets as well as international human resources, which can accelerate the development of the National Institute of Health even more.In addition, the National Institute of Health can attract professionals and research institutions for the further collaboration, including the development of projects under the institute brand for private companies, non-prof it organizations or states. The closer international cooperation can enhance the competitive position of the National Institute of Health in international markets. The institute can work on projects not only for the US government or US-based companies but also for international organizations, governments of other countries or private companies based outside the US.External threats include the possible risk of the competition from the part of non-government agencies, the threat of the shortage of funding by the government, and the threat of possible changes in the government policies that can make the National Institute of Health unattractive for scientists and researchers, who are not employed in the institute as intramural professionals. The risk of the growing competition from the part of non-government agencies and institutions is high because private institutions are progressing due to the growing interest of business to biomedical studies, since their finding can be used in dif ferent fields and bring considerable profits.Furthermore, the threat of the shortage of funding of the National Institute of Health by the government is quite high since, in the time of economic downturns, the government can start saving costs and the institute may become one of the ‘victims’ of such government costs cuts. The decrease of the government funding raises the problem of finding new sources of funding that is a challenge for the National Institute of Health because the institute has accustomed to rely on government projects and funding mainly.In such a situation, the change of the government policy is another threat, which is closely intertwined with the dependence of the National Institute of Health on the government.   The change of the government policy may lead to the reduction of projects related to biomedical studies or change of priorities. In addition, the change of priorities lead to the change in the focus of biomedical studies, while many resear chers work on their projects for years and, after unexpected changes of government policies and priorities, their projects may face the risk of being shut down that will put under a threat their scientific career.Competitive marketing analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The current position of the National Institute of Health is quite strong in terms of rivalry because the institute is the government agency that relies on government contracts, funding and policies (Costello, 2010). On the one hand, such dependence on the government makes the position of the institute fragile, in case of the emergence of stiff competition from the part of private institutions and organizations. On the other hand, the National Institute of Health can count on the stable support and contracts from the government that virtually guarantees the institute the steady development in the future.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The current competitive position of the National Insti tute of Health is unchallenging but there is a threat of new entrants and emergence of substitutes, especially if other institutions will expand the scope of their studies and focus on biomedical studies (Costello, 2010). As a result, the government may just refuse from the National Institute of Health and prefer more universal research institutions that provide the broader scope of research and focus not only on biomedical studies but also on other studies as well. On the other hand, there is no institution in the US that has such a solid scientific basis in the field of biomedical science that enhances the position of the National Institute of Health because its re-organization or replacement by another institution would lead to the step back in the development of biomedical studies in the US. The US government is hardly ready for such a step back at the moment, taking into consideration the growing importance of biomedical studies in the modern science and medicine ().Identificat ion of stakeholders  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In actuality, the National Institute of Health has multiple stakeholders, among which it is possible to single out scientists and researchers working in the institute, the managerial staff of the institute, the government, other agencies related to biomedical studies, citizens, who rely heavily on scientific studies and findings made in the National Institute of Health that can help to prevent numerous threats to the public health in the US. Scientists comprise the core of the intellectual basis of the institute and they are the major asset of the institute. The managerial staff of the institute is also extremely important, taking into consideration the growing organizational complexity of the National Institute of Health. The government is the major customer of the National Institute of Health and, at the same time, its major source of funding and the stakeholder that determines the further development of the institute . Other agencies related to biomedical studies perform a significant part but they rather support the development of the National Institute of Health and cannot change it consistently. Finally, citizens are stakeholders, whom the National Institute of Health is actually working for. Biomedical studies conducted by scientists in the National Institute of Health or contracted by the institute for particular projects work for the public safety, health and well-being.Competencies and resources  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Core competencies of the National Institute of Health and professionals working in the institution are closely related to biomedical science. Professionals working in the institute should be proficient in biomedical science and have extensive experience in this field (Corbyn, 2011). At the same time, they should be able to develop and introduce innovation and success-oriented. Otherwise, they will be unable to perform effectively in the National Institut e of Health.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for resources, it is possible to distinguish human resources, financial resources, and technical resources the National Institute of Health requires for its stable performance. Human resources comprise the main asset of the institute, but government funding is essential for its stable performance and retention of the personnel. As for technical resources, they contribute to the formation of a solid scientific basis of the institute and allow scientists to conduct their studies and experiments in the field of biomedical science.Current and future directions of the organizationAt the moment, the National Institute of Health sets the following goals to achieve:to foster fundamental creative discoveries, innovative research strategies, and their applications as a basis for ultimately protecting and improving health;to develop, maintain, and renew scientific human and physical resources that will ensure the Nations capability to prevent disease;to expand the knowledge base in medical and associated sciences in order to enhance the Nations economic well-being and ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research; andto exemplify and promote the highest level of scientific integrity, public accountability, and social responsibility in the conduct of science (NIH, 2014).To achieve the aforementioned goals, the National Institute of Health provides leadership and direction to programs designed to improve the health of the Nation by conducting and supporting research:in the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and cure of human diseases;in the processes of human growth and development;in the biological effects of environmental contaminants;in the understanding of mental, addictive and physical disorders; andin directing programs for the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information in medicine and health, including the development and support of medical libraries and the training of medical librarians and other health information specialists (NIH, 2014).The National Institute of Health holds the leading position in the US in the field of biomedical studies. In the future, the institute is likely to retain and enhance its position with the possibility of the international expansion.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the National Institute of Health holds a strong position in the US and has the potential to keep growing not only in the US but also internationally. The National Institute of Health has a solid scientific basis and employs the most prospective scientists working in the field of biomedical studies. Even though the institute relies heavily on the government, it still has a considerable potential for the further growth and deeper cooperation with private companies, international organizations, and other governments.

Protestant Reformation Essay Essay Example

Protestant Reformation Essay Essay Example Protestant Reformation Essay Essay Protestant Reformation Essay Essay In the 16th century the Catholic Church experienced one of the major challenges that changed the face of this church everlastingly. This development has been described as alone and of import since it brought transparence in the church and made it possible for the ordinary individual to entree the Gods land merely like Jesus Christ intended through the lacrimation of the drape into two pieces. This transmutation was called The Protestant Reformation ; it was ab initio aimed at reforming the establishment which is the church by offering the true redemption of God. The reformists wanted to convey alterations in the church utilizing the true word of God. They clearly understood that the Holy Bible was the lone authorization that was supposed to steer the church. Through this reform the Protestants were fundamentally rejecting the authorization of the Pope whom they described as holding misled the sheep through presenting some patterns which went contrary to the instructions in the Holy Book and philosophies of the early church. To the Protestants saneness had to be returned to the church and acquire rid of all the immoralities which had been introduced in the name of worship. Protestant Reformation was one of the most extremist spiritual transmutations to happen in the history of the church. The struggle that ensued led to a major division in the church where on one side there was the Catholic and on the other the Protestants. These reforms were as a consequence of the economical. spiritual societal and political alterations that were taking topographic point during this period. The impacts were so extended such that they have been described as great turning point for the universe and the church. There are assorted factors that have been pointed to hold played great function every bit far as Protestant Reformation is concerned. Cunningham and Reich ( 2005 ) argue that it is difficult to nail the exact factors or conditions which led to the Protestants Reformation but they continue to state that any account brought frontward has to take into the history the many elements which were coming up during this century. Rise in patriotism and bitterness in pontificate commanding attitude are some of the conditions which gave rise to this spiritual revolution. Other factors include the corruptness in the church. power and wealth battles. misdirection in the church. and find of authorship among other causes. The Roman Catholic Church had dominated the faith order in Europe for along period such that it controlled most facets of life in this part. The church was so powerful such that it controlled most of the political power in Western Europe. During this period the church was turning at a great velocity. There was a batch of enlargement traveling on where churches were being built. One of the worshipping centres that came up during this epoch was the saint Peter Basilica which was situated in Rome. All these developments were taking topographic point during the pontificate of Pope Leo. the ten percent. To finance the enlargement of the church he had to increase the gross. He used assorted methods to accomplish this. Some of these methods did non auger good with the instructions in the Gospel. They were corrupt and exploitatory in nature. This is the period when the church was riddled by immoralities beyond no step. Cunningham and Reich observe that the church was profoundly rooted with corruptness and misdirection â€Å"it was like a house cards waiting to be toppled† ( p 80 ) The reforms in the church had been turning over clip where people were responding from the surpluss of the church which made the lives of many people so difficulty. Martin Luther one of the designers of this revolution yearned for alteration that will do the church serve the intent of Christ. He advocated for personal transition something that appealed to many people who further demanded for the rejection of the bad patterns of the Catholic Church. Invention of composing brought with itself some of the best things that helped in transmutation of faith. For so long faith has been a affair of following without oppugning. Followings believed everything that clergy said. they could non hold questioned since they did non hold anything to endorse their expostulations. with innovation of printing. people could read for themselves what the word contained. Martin Luther helped interpret the Bible in German. it subsequently spread to the other part. This gave many followings of the church a opportunity to acquire fast manus information written in the Bible. Peoples started to oppugn some of the things the clergy were affecting themselves in. They started inquiring for accounts. They could non understand why people would pay for their wickednesss to a priest who would forgive them. This became an oculus opener every bit far as religion is concerned. Martin Luther being one of the title-holders of the Protestant reforms brought much inspiration to the Protestants. There is a batch that was accomplished in this revolution. One there was interlingual rendition of the Bible into different linguistic communications. This served as a accelerator of the reforms and people came to cognize what is expected of them. Second Martin Luther helped in the publicity of the impression that it is merely the sanctum word that should be the usher every bit far as Christian life is concerned. The word remains the same and does non alter to accommodate the times. Changing the Holy word for selfish addition or to function one’s intent should be discouraged as it is equivalent to disobeying God. There was publicity of the construct where faithful were supposed to warrant themselves by the religion. Martin Luther helped on this terminal where Christian came to understand that it is merely through religion that one should warrant he or she is a truster. It is non through the part one makes to the church but by the religion in 1s bosom. Luther besides helped in the publicity of the construct of acquiring saved through the Grace. This was different from what believed in the yesteryear where indulgencies were adequate to do one sanctum. Reformation brought a new construct where faithful came to believe in the redemption through Christ. The church one time more became a lively topographic point to be where people worshipped God through singing. This was a major displacement from the patterns of the Catholic Church where everything revolved through recitation of philosophies which many of the followings could non even understand. Christian came to appreciate that they can near God straight without holding to travel through the reverends. by direct attack it meant that they could pray direct to God without necessary inquiring the Clergy to make it for them. By and large there was a renewed spirit among the Protestants where they approached issues otherwise and in an nonsubjective mode. Counter Reformation was fundamentally a reaction to the Protestants Reformation. Roman Catholic attempted to turn to some of the issues of concern. They tried to extinguish the church excesses that had been pinpointed by the reformists. When Pope Paul 3 took over the church was able to acquire the much needed leading. His purpose was to run into the challenges brought approximately by the Protestants. He approved some new orders which helped in some of the issues raised by the Protestants. This motion has been described as an activism which was keenly marked with evangelization of the new lands that had been discovered. particularly in America. Protestant Reformation wholly changed the affairs of religion. It awakened the sleeping giant which came to recognize that people can non be held in ransom for so long. It brought a new morning where people came to recognize that one does non necessitate to go through through any other individual to be able to speak to God. This revolution will ever be one of the sorts where humanity was redeemed from its ain ignorance.

Ascertaining Organizational Behaviour of Contracting Firms Based on Article - 1

Ascertaining Organizational Behaviour of Contracting Firms Based on the Impact of Cultural Factors - Article Example 124). Constructions companies modify their organisational behaviours on account of its employees’ cultures. Experts argue that the development of a strong organisational culture is essential to the overall success of an organisation. It is rather evident there is a strong connection between people’s cultures and the behaviour within organisations. In the European Union (EU), for instance, behaviour noted in successful construction firms is largely due to the continually nourished and healthy organisational culture that not only appreciates the cultural backgrounds of its workforce, but also upholds such cultural characteristics (Tomek 2011, p. 12). This is, for instance, done by abiding to culturally significant events within the organisation, as well as allowing all persons from different cultures to maintain their unique cultural identities (Gold, Malhotra and Segars 2001, p. 46). Persons of different ethnicities and races have distinctive cultural beliefs, behaviours and ceremonies. Different governments of the EU member states, as well as the EU body, have established definite regulations that protect various aspects of different cultures from interference by other persons or organisations (Toole 2011, p. 37). This means that a construction company in the EU must abide by these regulations or face litigation. The culture of Muslims is to conduct prayers up to five times in a day and go to the Mosque on Fridays. In order to maintain effective organisational structures and employee satisfaction, construction companies must uphold such cultural practices among their Muslim employees. This means the provision for ample time to Muslim employees to attend religious services and conduct prayers without undue hindrance from company management or other members of the workforce. It is of paramount importance to appreciate the kinds of behaviour culture has the utmost impact